Molecular evolution and functional characterisation of an ancient
4.5 (114) In stock
Background Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; E.C.4.3.1.5) is a key enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway in plant development, and it catalyses the deamination of phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid, leading to the production of secondary metabolites. This enzyme has been identified in many organisms, ranging from prokaryotes to higher plants. Because Nelumbo nucifera is a basal dicot rich in many secondary metabolites, it is a suitable candidate for research on the phenylpropanoid pathway. Results Three PAL members, NnPAL1, NnPAL2 and NnPAL3, have been identified in N. nucifera using genome-wide analysis. NnPAL1 contains two introns; however, both NnPAL2 and NnPAL3 have only one intron. Molecular and evolutionary analysis of NnPAL1 confirms that it is an ancient PAL member of the angiosperms and may have a different origin. However, PAL clusters, except NnPAL1, are monophyletic after the split between dicots and monocots. These observations suggest that duplication events remain an important occurrence in the evolution of the PAL gene family. Molecular assays demonstrate that the mRNA of the NnPAL1 gene is 2343 bp in size and encodes a 717 amino acid polypeptide. The optimal pH and temperature of the recombinant NnPAL1 protein are 9.0 and 55°C, respectively. The NnPAL1 protein retains both PAL and weak TAL catalytic activities with Km values of 1.07 mM for L-phenylalanine and 3.43 mM for L-tyrosine, respectively. Cis-elements response to environmental stress are identified and confirmed using real-time PCR for treatments with abscisic acid (ABA), indoleacetic acid (IAA), ultraviolet light, Neurospora crassa (fungi) and drought. Conclusions We conclude that the angiosperm PAL genes are not derived from a single gene in an ancestral angiosperm genome; therefore, there may be another ancestral duplication and vertical inheritance from the gymnosperms. The different evolutionary histories for PAL genes in angiosperms suggest different mechanisms of functional regulation. The expression patterns of NnPAL1 in response to stress may be necessary for the survival of N. nucifera since the Cretaceous Period. The discovery and characterisation of the ancient NnPAL1 help to elucidate PAL evolution in angiosperms.
Frontiers Identification, Characterization and Function of
The study of molecular evidences for human evolution, gene flow
Phylogenetic tree of the phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene family. The
How to resurrect ancestral proteins as proxies for ancient
The molecular evolutionary basis of species formation
Viruses, Free Full-Text
Frontiers Key Technologies for Progressing Discovery of
Frontiers Structural Comparison Between MHC Classes I and II; in
Gene structure of the PAL family, NnPAL1, NnPAL2 and NnPAL3, in Nelumbo
Yi DING, Professor (Full), PhD, Wuhan University, Wuhan, WHU, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice
Abiogenesis - Wikipedia
Molecular evolution and functional divergence of tubulin
Molecules, Free Full-Text
- Shop LADY LUXE
- Under Armour Men's Brawler Pants : : Clothing, Shoes
- Brass Eagle Handle Walking Cane with Brown Beechwood Shaft – RoyalCanes
- Ryka Premium Ryka Women's Devotion XT Training Sneakers - Macy's
- Bali Women's Shapewear Lace 'N Smooth Body Briefer - 38D - Black/White at Women's Clothing store
- Womens Long Puffer Coat Winter Quilted Hooded Down Jacket Fashion Side Split Padded Outerwear Button Maxi Parka Jacket